Organic functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. These functional groups play a crucial role in organic chemistry because they determine the properties and reactivity of the compounds in which they are found. Each functional group has a specific set of atoms arranged in a particular pattern, and this arrangement gives the group its unique chemical behaviour. Functional groups are used to classify organic compounds and predict their reactivity.

For example, compounds with hydroxyl groups (-OH) are typically alcohols and have certain properties such as solubility in water and the ability to form hydrogen bonds. Similarly, carboxyl groups (-COOH) are found in carboxylic acids, which are known for their acidity and ability to participate in esterification reactions.

This table provides a concise overview of common organic functional groups, highlighting their structures, properties & examples.